California’s historic drought is partly to blame for the recent rise in West Nile virus infections, public health officials say. There have been 311 cases reported so far, double the number of the same time last year, and the most of any state in the country.

West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes. They contract the virus when they feed on infected birds, then spread it to the birds they bite next. A shortage of water can accelerate this cycle.

“When we have less water, birds and mosquitoes are seeking out the same water sources, and therefore are more likely to come in to closer proximity to one another, thus amplifying the virus,” says Vicki Kramer, chief of vector-borne diseases at the state Department of Public Health.

Also, the water sources that do exist are more likely to stagnate. Stagnant water creates an excellent habitat for mosquitoes to breed.

A sign over a highway in Glendale, Calif., warned motorists in February to save water in response to the state’s severe drought. But a study released earlier this week showed residents in the southern coastal part of the state used more water this spring than they did last year.
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“It makes more mosquitoes, and it makes them faster,” says Roger Nasci, chief of the arboviral diseases branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

High temperatures contribute as well, and can be especially bad when it doesn’t cool down at night. That’s been the case in Orange County this year. It has logged the highest number of West Nile cases in humans in the state: 116.

Local officials have been waiting for the right weather conditions to spray pesticides to kill mosquitoes and have been surveying the region by plane for backyard pools and birdbaths that have stagnated. High foreclosure rates in the region led to an increase in abandoned pools in recent years, and continue to be a factor in the current elevated rates of West Nile, Kramer says.

A young Chinook salmon, called a smolt, near Vallejo, Calif., on April 24, 2014. North Coast tribes and environmentalists fear that the smolts and Chinooks may not survive this year’s low river flows and warm water.
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While case numbers are high in Orange and Los Angeles counties, some counties in Northern California have a higher concentration of cases. Glenn County north of Sacramento has the highest incidence of West Nile at 35 cases per 100,000 people. Orange County’s incidence is just 4 per 100,000.

“There’s a broader type of habitat available for mosquitoes in the Sacramento Valley compared to Bay Area counties, for instance,” Kramer says.

As a result, the area draws two types of mosquitoes to the region: rural mosquitoes that breed in the rice fields, and urban mosquitoes in surrounding towns.

“So those two mosquitoes working together will further amplify the virus,” she says.

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The majority of people infected with West Nile virus show no symptoms. Twenty percent get flu-like aches and fever, and only 1.5 percent develop the most severe neuroinvasive form of the disease. Ten percent of those who get very sick, die.

So far this year, 12 people in California have died, mainly the elderly and people with underlying conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure. In total, California has the most reported cases of West Nile in the country — 311 cases as of last Friday. Texas is second with 98 cases, and Louisiana is third with 78, according to CDC data.

Nasci warned that the season for West Nile has yet to peak. Temperatures and infection rates are still rising.

“There’s still a substantial period of the year left,” he says. “How long that risk persists will depend on how many more mosquitoes are produced, how much longer they’re going to live, how many birds are susceptible.”

Public health officials recommend that people protect themselves from infection by wearing long sleeves and long pants, and using insect repellent.

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